【英文标准名称】:StandardTerminologyRelatingtoSampling
【原文标准名称】:取样的相关标准术语
【标准号】:ASTME1402-2008e1
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2008
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E11.10
【标准类型】:(Terminology)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:areasample;bulksample;clustersample;finitepopulation;probabilityproportionaltosize;quotasample;samplesize;samplingframe;samplingwithoutreplacement;simplerandomsample;stratifiedsample;Probabilitysampling;Sampling
【摘要】:Thisguidedescribestheprincipaltypesofsamplingdesignsandprovidesformulasforestimatingpopulationmeansandstandarderrorsoftheestimates.PracticeE105providesprinciplesfordesigningprobabilitysamplingplansinrelationtotheobjectivesofstudy,costs,andpracticalconstraints.PracticeE122aidsinspecifyingtherequiredsamplesize.PracticeE141describesconditionstoensurevalidityoftheresultsofsampling.Furtherdescriptionofthedesignsandformulasinthisguide,andbeyondit,canbefoundintextbooks(1-10).Sampling,bothdiscreteandbulk,isaclericalandphysicaloperation.Itgenerallyinvolvestrainingenumeratorsandtechnicianstousemaps,directoriesandstopwatchessoastolocatedesignatedsamplingunits.Onceasamplingunitislocatedatitsaddress,discretesamplingandareasamplingenumerationproceedstoameasurement.Forbulksampling,materialisextractedintoacomposite.Asamplingplanconsistsofinstructionstellinghowtolistaddressesandhowtoselecttheaddressestobemeasuredorextracted.Aframeisalistingofaddresseseachofwhichisindexedbyasingleintegerorbyann-tuple(severalinteger)number.Thesampledpopulationconsistsofalladdressesintheframethatcanactuallybeselectedandmeasured.Itissometimesdifferentfromatargetedpopulationthattheuserwouldhavepreferredtobecovered.Aselectionschemedesignateswhichindexesconstitutethesample.Ifcertifiedrandomnumberscompletelycontroltheselectionschemethesampleiscalledaprobabilitysample.Certifiedrandomnumbersarethosegeneratedeitherfromatable(forexample,Ref(11))thathasbeentestedforequaldigitfrequenciesandforserialindependence,fromacomputerprogramthatwascheckedtohavealongcyclelength,orfromarandomphysicalmethodsuchastossingofacoinoracasino-qualityspinner.Theobjectiveofsamplingisoftentoestimatethemeanofthepopulationforsomevariableofinterestbythecorrespondingsamplemean.Byadoptingprobabilitysampling,selectionbiascanbeessentiallyeliminated,sotheprimarygoalofsampledesignindiscretesamplingbecomesreducingsamplingvariance.1.1Thisguidedefinestermsandintroducesbasicmethodsforprobabilitysamplingofdiscretepopulations,areas,andbulkmaterials.ItprovidesanoverviewofcommonprobabilitysamplingmethodsemployedbyusersofASTMstandards.1.2Samplingmaybedoneforthepurposeofestimation,ofcomparisonbetweenpartsofasampledpopulation,orforacceptanceoflots.Samplingisalsousedforthepurposeofauditinginformationobtainedfromcompleteenumerationofthepopulation.1.3Nosystemofunitsisspecifiedinthisstandard.1.4Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.
【中国标准分类号】:A20
【国际标准分类号】:01_040_19;19_020
【页数】:8P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语